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如何给婴儿或幼童做好注射疫苗前的准备？
一项新的研究提供了给准备注射疫苗的婴儿或幼童给予适当的安抚以减轻他们的痛苦的技巧。
提供技巧的专家包括：康涅狄格的医学院大学的Neil Schechter、MD
他们为准备注射免疫的婴儿的父母作出了忠告:
１，给大于2岁的小孩作疫苗注射前，最好告诉他们将会发生什么事,那将会有怎样感觉和注射疫苗对他们身体的重要性。
２，给大于6个月的儿童作注射疫苗前的准备时候，当然可以当他们是婴儿般对待，家长们可以通过在注射前先给他们一些糖水以作安慰。
３，麻醉剂提取乳脂不适用于所有的孩子，而当需要注射的孩子感到非常焦虑或者害怕，这个时候便可以考虑使用。
Schechter's小组也提供一些应当的技巧给准备注射疫苗的儿童的父母：
１，和准备打疫苗的孩子呆在一个房间里，以便给他们充足的安全感。
２，根据孩子的年龄和脾气的特点想办法把他们的注意力分散。 分散注意力的技巧包括为孩子们编造一些故事、读故事和教他们作深呼吸的练习。
３，事实上，家长需要做的是抱予他们支持的态度而不是给孩子作道歉的态度，不要为孩子注射疫苗而感到内疚。
４，不要对孩子作出过多的保证。实际上，过多的保证有可能会增加孩子对注射疫苗的恐惧。
由Schechter和他的同事编写的研究报告称：“虽然研究的结果看起来好像与平日父母们所想的不一样，但是，父母过度的安慰、同情和内疚可能增加准备注射疫苗的孩子的苦恼和恐惧, 反之，幽默的态度和帮助孩子分散他们的注意力会有助于减少孩子的困惑。” 父母也许需要明白，孩子对注射器的长针头的恐惧比他们实际所感受到的痛苦会少得多。
报告还宣称，“虽然直觉普遍认为最短的针配合最薄的注射器会生产最少的皮肤伤害和痛苦,但实际情况却恰恰与其相反。”
他们提醒家长们， “大量的研究表明,当针头穿过肌肉时，长的针头往往比短的针头带来更大的疼痛，和更多不良的影响。
原文：
May 9, 2007 -- Got a baby or young child who's scheduled for vaccinations? A new study offers tips on preparing and soothing kids getting shots.
The tips come from experts including Neil Schechter, MD, of the University of Connecticut's medical school.
Here is their advice on preparing children for immunization:
• Kids who are more than 2 years old should be prepared shortly before the shot. Tell them what will happen, how it will feel, and why it's important.
• Babies up to 6 months old may be soothed by putting a little sugar water on their pacifier right before the shot.
• Anesthetic creams may not be appropriate for all kids but should be considered for children who are anxious or fearful about getting shots.
Schechter's team also has tips on what parents should do while the shot is being given:
• Be in the room with the child.
• Distract the child based on the child's age and temperament. Distraction techniques may include story telling, reading to the child, and deep breathing.
• Be matter-of-fact, supportive, and nonapologetic.
• Don't overdo reassurance. Excessive reassurance can actually upset children.
"Although it seems counterintuitive, excessive parental reassurance, empathy, and apologies might increase distress, whereas humor and distraction tend to decrease distress," write Schechter and colleagues.
Parents might also want to keep in mind that long needles may actually deliver less pain.
"Although it would seem intuitive that the shortest needle with the thinnest gauge would produce the least trauma and pain, this does not seem to be the case," write Schechter and colleagues.
They note that "a number of studies support the contention that longer needles, which are more likely to penetrate muscle than are shorter ones, cause less pain and fewer adverse effects."
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